rajaraja cholan Essay Example For Students

rajaraja cholan Essay Who is this Raja Raja Cholan (more precisely, Raja Raja Cholan-l)? Readers who are fans of the popular Tamil novelist Kalki may be familiar with his historical novel Ponniyin Selvan. That novel is woven around the life of Raja Raja Cholan, also known an Arunmoli. Of course, much of the novel and many of the characters in it are fiction although that fiction is wrapped around historical events. What we present in this section are historical facts taken from such authoritative works as Dr. M. Rajamanickams Cholar Varalaru, Nilakanta Sastris The Cholas and T. V. Sadasiva Pandarathars History of the Later Cholas. Raja Rajan reigned between 985 AD and 1014 AD. It can be rightly said that the Second Golden Age of Tamil Nadu started with his reign and continued for another two centuries. (The First Golden Age of Tamil Nadu in known Tamil history was in the days of the Third Tamil Academy (Third Tamil Sangam)). He built one of the most glorious empires of South Asia that peaked during the regin of his son RaJendra Cholan I and continued for another 200 years or so under his sons, grandsons and great grandsons. He was not only a great warrior king in the tradition of Cheran Senguttuvan, Cholan Karikalan and Pandian Nedunchezhian, he was also an able administrator, a patron of the arts and a devote Saivaite Hindu. During that period, Sinhala kings from llankai (now known as Sri Lanka and Ceylon) had the habit of interfering in Tamil Nadu by allying with one Tamil king against another, usually allying with Cheras or Pandias against the Cholas. (Of course, the blame should rightly be put on those Tamil kings who invited foreign interference and not on the Sinhala kings who made use of the opportunity. So, after decisively defeating the Cheras and Pandias, Raja Rajan Cholan turned his attention o the Sinhalese King Mahinda-V. He assembled a naval armada and sent it to Sri Lanka. The Chola Navvy defeated King Mahinda. After the military victory Raja Rajan built a Hindu temple there in Polonnaruva. Having defeated the enemy in the south, he moved north. The Chola army under the command of Crown P rince RaJendran marched north, all the way up to what is now BiJapur. The army defeated all who opposed its march north, including the powerful army of Chalukya Emperor Satyasraya who ruled the Deccans. As noted before, Raja Rajans legacy is not Just wars and conquests. He is remembered today primarily for the construction of the TanJore Big Temple (Than]avur Peria Koll). The temple is also called RaJaraJeswaram after him. This Saivaite Hindu temple is one of the most beautiful and magnificent architectural monuments in South Asia. The magnificent tower and the delicate sculptures are truly a feast for the eyes. Not only Hindus from all over the world, but also tourists from around the world visit this temple. Though Raja Rajan was a devote Saivaite Hindu, he respected other religions. He built Vishnu temples in Mysore after he conquered the region. He not only permitted Silendra Emperor Srimara Vijayottunga Varman to build the Buddhist shrine Chudamanivihara in Tamil Nadu at Nagapattinam, he also contributed money for its construction. Many arts sculpture, painting, drama, dance and music flourished during his time. He conduccted a survey of his kingdom and is considered a major achievement of that time. He divided the kingdom into a number of administrative units and appointed self-government). According to Dr. M. Rajamanickam, Raja Rajans administrative structure is comparable to modern administrative structure seen around the world. Raja Raja Cholan is truly one of the greatest rulers in Tamil history. This is in fact the reason why Hindi politicians who dominate and control the Indian Government refuse permission to install his statue within the outside walls of ThanJai Big Temple that he built. Let me elaborate. 3. .ua4caf3ed1bc421f3ad8546f003605ca5 , .ua4caf3ed1bc421f3ad8546f003605ca5 .postImageUrl , .ua4caf3ed1bc421f3ad8546f003605ca5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua4caf3ed1bc421f3ad8546f003605ca5 , .ua4caf3ed1bc421f3ad8546f003605ca5:hover , .ua4caf3ed1bc421f3ad8546f003605ca5:visited , .ua4caf3ed1bc421f3ad8546f003605ca5:active { border:0!important; } .ua4caf3ed1bc421f3ad8546f003605ca5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua4caf3ed1bc421f3ad8546f003605ca5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua4caf3ed1bc421f3ad8546f003605ca5:active , .ua4caf3ed1bc421f3ad8546f003605ca5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua4caf3ed1bc421f3ad8546f003605ca5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua4caf3ed1bc421f3ad8546f003605ca5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua4caf3ed1bc421f3ad8546f003605ca5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua4caf3ed1bc421f3ad8546f003605ca5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua4caf3ed1bc421f3ad8546f003605ca5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua4caf3ed1bc421f3ad8546f003605ca5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua4caf3ed1bc421f3ad8546f003605ca5 .ua4caf3ed1bc421f3ad8546f003605ca5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua4caf3ed1bc421f3ad8546f003605ca5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Reaction The Jackie Robinson Story EssayThe Reason Why? Why do the Hindi politicians who control the Indian Government refuse permission to install Emperor Raja Raja Cholans statue within the outer walls of the ThanJai Big Temple? Many thousands of Hindu devotees and tourists from around the world visit the ThanJai Big Temple. If Raja Rajans statue is installed on the temple grounds for ll to see, they may ask the others and tour guides about him and will come to know of his conquests, his majesty and the glorious days of the Second Golden Age of Tamil Nadu. The Hindian controlled Indian Government does not want people to know about this glorious past and the great kings of Tamil Nadu who are second to none. Hindian politicians and elite want people to think that all the glorious past of Indian history is centered on the Hindi heartland of today. They want to hide and put under a blanket all other histories, be it that of Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bengal, Karnataka, Kerala or Tamil Nadu, for example. Read the history books used at schools under the Jurisdiction of the Indian Government (Central Schools and schools accredited under the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE)). You will read in detail about the kings and emperors who ruled from what is today the Hindi heartland, for example, Chandra Guptan, Ashokan, Akbar, et al. But you will not read anything about the Tamil kings or the Bengali kings or the Assamese kings, etc. In the Indian history according to Hindians, these lands do not have a glorious history worth mentioning although, in truth, every one of these nations has a rich past. Refusal to grant permission to install the statue of one of the greatest emperors of South Asia on the grounds of the temple he built is Just another attempt by the Hindian politicians to hide the glorious past of the Tamil people. (NOTE: Emperor Raja Raja Cholan is not the only one whose history the Indian Government wants to hide. About two decades ago, the then Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi tried to distort the history of Emperor RaJendra Cholans conquest of the Ganges Plains (todays Hindi land). I published an article about it in the Tamil magazine Thamizh Nilam a decade ago. )

Racism in U.S. Military free essay sample

Examines major examples of racial bias in 1940s legal, political ethical pressures leading to President Trumans 1948 order to desegregate armed forces. DESEGREGATION OF THE UNITED STATES ARMED FORCES Introduction The desegregation of the United States armed forces was directed by Executive Order No. 9981 issued by President Harry S. Truman on 26 July 1948. Harry Truman, however, was not a good fairy and Executive Order No. 9981 was not a magic wand. The desegregation of the armed forces in the United States did not occur in an instant. In fact, years were to pass before widespread integration, the obverse side of the coin on which segregation is the reverse, was the rule in the armed forces. The issuance of Executive Order No. 9981, as was true of the pressures for the desegregation of the armed forces in the United States, did not occur in political and social vacuums. Each was the product of events and environments that long pre-dated. We will write a custom essay sample on Racism in U.S. Military or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page .

Based On vs. Based Around

Based On vs. Based Around Based On vs. Based Around Based On vs. Based Around By Maeve Maddox In a previous post, I wrote about the strange but trendy expression â€Å"to be based out of,† a phrase inexplicably used to mean â€Å"based in,† or â€Å"lives in.† Now I’ve noticed another expression that uses base in a nonstandard way: â€Å"to be based around.† The first time I noticed this odd usage was in a caption under a photo taken at a school event: the event was based around The Sisters Grimm [a play]. I couldn’t understand why it didn’t say, â€Å"based on.† A Google search indicates that the expression â€Å"to base something around something† is widespread. Here are a few examples in which the intended meanings seem to vary among derived from, modeled on, set in, having to do with, and plain old based on. Some are headlines. Writing fanfiction based around a story you hate How to make a story based around a character The story is based around Maine. Classic comedy based around shop in Doncaster Worksheets and tasks based around the Shakespeare play. This is a common problem with lesson plans based around websites I want to write a book based around Monopoly What are some books about based around being alone? Dutch Artist Starting Religion Based Around Facebook Likes Kids cartoon book based around a vegetable garden. Used as a noun, â€Å"a base† is a foundation. Building on this meaning, the verb â€Å"to base† can have the following meanings: to make or form a foundation for something to serve as a base for something to establish or maintain a base for something to use as a base or basis for something Something can be based on something, but to say that something is based around something makes no sense. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Congratulations on or for?50 Idioms About Roads and PathsMood vs. Tense

Marketing Research Paper

Marketing Research Paper Marketing Research Paper | | |How to Market an After-Hours STS Service | |MGT 5019 Summer 2011 | | | | | |8/8/2011 | | | Marketing Need In most communities nationwide, access to public transit during late-night or early-morning hours is limited at best. Many transit providers, especially those operating in smaller communities, only provide services through the early evening hours. In other communities, transportation services end at or before 1:00 a.m. Among the 11 large metropolitan transit systems that offer both heavy-rail and bus services,(Atlanta, Ga.; Baltimore, Md.; Boston, Mass.; Chicago, Ill.; Cleveland, Ohio; Los Angeles and San Francisco, Calif.; Miami Fla.; New York, N.Y.; Philadelphia, Pa.; and Washington, D.C), 9 provide after-midnight services on weeknights and weekends on at least some routes. Yet how are service needs met in other communities? In many communities, transit agencies have implemented late-night services designed to meet the transportation needs of night-time bar goers and socialites. Late-night service will aim to meet the needs of people who wish to go out and have a good time and not have to worry about drinking and driving. Right now, the only options for people who visit a bar are that they have to drink and drive, ride with a friend or call a cab. Calling a cab in our area is not difficult but can be costly and you may have to wait quite a while before actually getting home. Riding with a friend is fine but still more than likely the person driving will have a drink or two and end up driving under the influence. This leads us to the need for a public transportation service that caters to the socialites and bar goers. The proposal is not for a new business, but rather to extend the St. Mary’s County bus service already being provided through St. Mary’s Transit System (STS). Current Product The STS is the public transportation system in St. Mary’s County, it is a division of the County Department of Public Works. The mission statement of STS is â€Å" To provide safe, dependable and cost effective transportation to our customers and mobility for all residents†. The STS provides fixed route, ADA paratransit, and agency contract service throughout the county. The fixed route service is a system of providing public transportation on which a vehicle is a long set route according to a fixed schedule. Paratransit is a more flexible mode of public of public transportation that does not follow fixed routes or schedules. STS uses this form of service to provide transportation to disabled people who are unable to use fixed route transportation. Agencies such as the Health Department, the Department of Aging, and the Department of Social services will often contract for STS services. STS runs eight fixed routes on weekdays generally from 6:00am to 6:00pm. The eight fixed routes on the weekdays are the following: 1. Lexington Park/Leonardtown, 2. Charlotte Hall, 3. Great Mills, 4. Leonardtown Loop, 5. Route 5 Express, 6. Calvert Connection, 7. Northern Route, and 8. Southern Route. The primary

FOOD Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

FOOD - Research Paper Example Starting simple could mean inviting neighbors and friends to a simple dinner or meal using local products; or it could also mean assigning days within a week to focus on consuming local produce. Trying to connect with local farmers would necessitate going around the locality and finding out what products are being sourced from farms and which could be availed easily. Likewise, one could even try to grow simple vegetables in one’s backyard; which was also noted to be, not only healthy; but also therapeutic. And finally, the effort of implementing a local diet in one’s lifestyle should not be made in stressful environment. One must simply enjoy discovering local farms and products and be able to savor the local produce which could be incorporated in one’s daily meal. Are there farmers' markets in your area? There is actually a Farmers Market in one’s area in New Jersey; which is specifically located in South Jersey, just 20 minutes away from Philadelphia, Pe nnsylvania. All vegetables are therefore bought from the Farmers Market. Where is the nearest community supported agriculture farm (CSA)? The state of New Jersey has a lot of community supported agriculture (CSA) farm located in the following counties: Atlantic, Burlington, Camden, Cape May, Cumberland, Gloucester, Hunterdon, Mercer, Middlesex, Monmouth, Ocean, Salem, Sussex, and Warren (State of New Jersey: Department of Agriculture, 2013). The names, contact information, and addresses are found in the State of New Jersey’s Department of Agriculture official website. How could you encourage others to eat local? Other people could be encouraged to eat local by promoting the various benefits that could be gained from this move. From among the noted benefits, the following are noteworthy: (1) greater opportunities to lose weight; (2) savoring new flavor sensations; (3) being able to heighten awareness through learning more about local products (Priebe, 2011); (4) fresher and he althier foods; (5) learn more about food from the people who grew them; (6) contributes to lesser environmental impact through lessening of carbon footprint through travelling less, consumer lesser gas, lesser wear and tear of roads; and (7) supports the community through the revenues generated from local purchases (Shea, 2008). Global Food Crisis After reading the article, "Global Food Crisis" from this unit's studies, do you feel the U.S. ethanol fuel program is adding to the world food crisis? One is convinced that the arguments exposed by Gawain Kripke, the Senior Policy Adviser for Oxfam America is more convincing regarding the effect of the ethanol fuel program on the global food crisis. Kripke’s detailed explanation that production of ethanol is apparently significantly contributory to driving food prices up due to the increased use of corn for the production of ethanol is more viable and believable (Kripke, 2008). As compared to the arguments presented by Rick Tolman, the CEO of the National Association of Corn Growers, Kripke assumed a more unbiased stance at looking at the issue. Tolman could have protected the

Thoughts upon female Education(1787) Benjamin Rush Essay

Thoughts upon female Education(1787) Benjamin Rush - Essay Example Men of those times were busy on various fronts and could not possibly take up the time to educate their children, or to help them with that. Moreover, in some cases, the men could not look after the affairs of their houses or parts of their businesses, therefore, it was necessary for the womenfolk to rise to the occasion and take up these responsibilities themselves. In a society where female education was frowned upon, it was necessary to make an appeal to such notions for the patriarchs to be willing to impart formal education to the females of their household, whether daughters or sisters. When men thought that educating women would be beneficial to them in the sense that they would be able to delegate duties to their womenfolk, as well as ensure that their sons got the necessary guidance from them as well, they were more agreeable to the idea of female education. Thus, new vistas were open for women to explore. However, Rush did not intend on this education to bring about any change in the status of the women in the post revolutionary society, and this is where the fault in his arguments lies. The purpose of education should not be to subjugate any class or gender of people, or to have them believe wholeheartedly in their subservience to someone else. Education should be an end in itself; women should be educated for the same reasons as men: it is their inherent right in an enlightened and educated society. Education should help them discover themselves and to become more productive and efficient citizens of the world. Women, just like men, should have the opportunity to pursue their educational interests; they should not be confined to certain branches of education to, consequently, become beholden to men. Moreover, education should not be used as a tool for indoctrination, but should open minds to new ideas and aspirations. In conclusion, though Benjamin Rush’s arguments in favor of

DNA - Genetically modified food Essay Example for Free

DNA Genetically modified food Essay Virtually every crop we eat have undergone hundreds of years of genetic modification by farmers and scientist in search of desirable traits. Selective breeding and hybrid strains have contributed immeasurably to farm productivity during this time. Over the past 30 years however, genetic engineering has been revolutionized. While before, a farmer wanting to develop a frost resistant tomato would be able to breed towards one only if the necessary genes were available somewhere in tomatoes or a near relative to tomatoes, modern biological engineering techniques overcome such restrictions. Genetic traits from outside a species gene pool, in the tomatos case from an arctic fish, can be spliced into the organism to create an entirely different species, a transgenic organism with the typical traits of a tomato and frost resistance from a fish. The most widely used method of gene splicing, recombinant DNA, uses biochemical scissors called restriction enzymes to cut the strings of DNA, selecting required genes. These are then ferried by a virus or a bacterium that infects the host, smuggling the gene into the plants DNA. In this way scientists have been able to create slow ripening and seedless fruit, crops that grow in unfavourable conditions and are resistant to disease or herbicides and milk from cows given a genetically engineered growth hormone. The benefits of gene technology in terms of food production are enormous. The most common genetically engineered crops contain modifications that make the plants resistant to certain diseases and herbicides, or allow them to produce their own pesticides, thereby eliminating or reducing the need to spray. So-called Bt corn, for example, contains a gene resistant to the harmful mycotoxin fungus and herbicide producers, Monsanto have created a strain of soybeans genetically modified to be unaffected by their product Roundup. The soybean farmer therefore can avoid targeting specific weeds and require just one application of a general weed-killer, reducing costs and agricultural waste run-off. Genetically modified crops are also being adapted to grow in salty, dry or frosty environments, contain edible vaccines, have a longer shelf life and be more nutritious. A group of Swiss and German scientists recently developed a strain of GM rice know as ? golden rice due to its altered colour. Containing genes that produce a unusually high amount of beta-carotene (vitamin A), this rice could be a solution to the thousands of poor children in Asia who eat little but rice and go blind or die from lack of vitamin A Public reaction to the use of recombinant DNA in genetic engineering however has been mixed. Sliding US export commodities such as genetically modified soybeans and corn have highlighted hardened public opinion and widespread resistance to biotech crops, especially in the European Union. Concerns about GM foods fall into three categories: economics, environmental hazards and human health risks. The latter two have been the subject of hot debate, both in Australia and overseas. Environmental damage from GM crops can be caused through various channels. One of the main concerns has been the possibility of gene transfer to a non-target species, that is crops engineered for herbicide tolerance and weeds cross-breeding, resulting in the transfer of the herbicide resistance to create ? superweeds. In addition, environmentalists fear that transgenic plants may proliferate rapidly, pollinating natural plants in their surroundings eliminating existing species. Further environmental suspicions include those of unintended harm to other organisms (especially non-target insects) and of the reduced effectiveness of pesticides once insects become tolerant to a crops natural pesticide. Questions have also been raised on the human impact of genetically modified organisms. Critics of recombinant DNA fear that the pathogenic, or disease-producing organisms used in some recombinant DNA experiments might develop extremely infectious forms that could cause worldwide epidemics. Likewise, the unknown effect of foreign genes introduced into GM food crops in terms of human health also presents a controversial issue. Furthermore, there is a possibility that introducing a gene into a plant may create a new allergen or cause an allergic reaction in susceptible individuals. A proposal to incorporate a gene from Brazil nuts into soybeans in order to increase their nutritional value was abandoned when it was found that the genetically engineered soybeans caused an allergic reaction in people sensitive to Brazil nuts. For these reasons, extensive testing and labelling of GM foods may be required to avoid the possibility of harm to consumers with food allergies. Biotechnology has started to revolutionise food production, with fantastic results. With the world population of 6 billion expected to double in the next 50 years and an adequate food supply becoming a major challenge it will no doubt continue to do so in the future.