Postmodernism

First of all, it is important to be aware of the differences between postmodernism and modernism. While modernism always tries to find a new way to express something, postmodernism has no such concern. Modernism itself is representational, normative, original and Universalism. It has a linear progress. Postmodernism has no concern about being original. Moreover postmodernism claims that there is not possible way to create something brand new anymore. So, contrary to modernism's originality, postmodernism is quotation based. It is simulation and relativistic.While it is common to encounter alienated self in postmodernism, there is a decanter self in postmodernism. It will be useful to adopt the major characteristics of postmodernism into the postmodern movies. In postmodern films, we usually do see barcaroles. Those barcaroles are inspired mostly from the past. It is possible to say that the postmodern films have a mission of recycling the past. Moreover, since the high and low cultur e got stuck in the modern times, it is not possible to come across a separated culture in postmodern films. Postmodern films bring them together and melt them in a pot.They do not have one specific genre. Genre-cross over is commonly recognized in postmodern movies. A postmodern movie can be attached to several genres at the same time. One of the major characteristics of postmodernism, quotation shows itself as intellectuality. It can also be engaged to non-linearity in some examples. Postmodern movies mostly contain references to other movies. That's a major element of intellectuality. While it is common to recognize reference to other movies it is also possible for a postmodern movie to reflect upon its own process.Parodies and pastiches have also a major part in postmodern movies. We usually do see the parodies of horror movies. A postmodern film also bends the time and creates confusions over the time and space. By the time it also blurs the lines between dream and reality. Espe cially the hyper reality blurs the lines by creating a simulation of reality. Also the element, metrification is used in postmodern films. For instance if a character speaks directly to the audience, it can be said that one of the elements of metrification is used. Metrification breaks the spell of the movie.

The Quiet Revolution

The Quiet Revolution The purpose of this paper is to analyze the aspects of The Quiet Revolution on Quebec, and how the changes implemented by Lesage made Quebec the province it is today. The Quiet Revolution was only quiet at name; it triggered many conflicts that appeared in Quebec. The province began to move away from Catholic Church with the help of nationalists, leaving Quebec reformed and quite different from how it was before the 1960’s. Before the Quiet Revolution, Quebec was majorly formed of rural population.They believed that rural was much better than urban, but due to large families and the lack of good land, it pushed most Quebeckers to move to the cities. By 1921, half of Quebec’s population was urbanized. Manufacture industries of textile and shoes located in Quebec, were attracting many Quebeckers to work. The schools of Quebec were owned by the Catholic Church, and were mostly run by priests, nuns and brothers. The Quiet Revolution was a period between 1960 and 1966; it was mainly a period of political, social and economic change (Winston Knoll Collegiate).The Union Nationale party was in power since 1944, it held conservative outdated values. The election of June 1960 was the beginning of revolutionary changes that were about to happened in Quebec. The election of June 22nd 1960, when the Liberal Party of Quebec ran by Jean Lesage finally won 51. 5% against Union Nationale. â€Å"The main issue of the election was indicated by the Liberal slogan, â€Å"It's time for a change†(The Canadian Encyclopedia, 2012)†. The government under Lesage began new era with open debates, changing the political electoral map so each urban area would be well represented.The government changed the voting age from 21 to 18. Lesage by increasing loans, made the budget grow from $745 million to $2. 1 billion in less than six years. The Baby Boom generation that had reached adolescence put a lot of pressure on Quebec’s poor educatio nal system; the role of Catholic Church was quite criticized and abolished pushing the government into creating a department of education, the Parent Report created a school system available to the entire population.One of the major accomplishments by the government in the economic sector was the nationalization of private electricity companies, an idea that was introduced by Rene Levesque, a minister of natural resources. The government of Jean Lesage encouraged industrialization, promoting investments and guaranteeing economic benefits through the buy-Quebec policy, all these objectives were met when Hydro-Quebec became the symbol of success and economic resources. The creation of â€Å"caisse de depot et placement du Quebec† triggered the creation of the Quebec pension plan, which immediately grew to billion dollars.Quebec’s favorite slogan that had huge improvements was the â€Å"maitres chez nous† (masters in our own house) which promoted and influenced fed eral-provincial relations. The demands that were imposed by Lesage were largely met. â€Å"Lesage forced the federal government to accept Quebec's withdrawal from several cost-sharing programs and to compensate Quebec fiscally (The Canadian Encyclopedia, 2012)†. Therefore Quebec was the only province that had the right to withdraw. Thus, the conflicts then rose between the English Canadians and the French Canadian. The federal Pearson Liberal government established the Royal Commission on bilingualism and biculturalism, which warned that Canada was passing through the greatest crisis in its history (The Quiet Revolution Changed Quebec Forver). Pearson liberal party to gain more strength and credibility hired three wise men; Jean Marchand, Gerard Pelletier and Pierre Eliott Trudeau. Quebec was gaining power and these changes made many different French Canadian nationalists for example; FLQ (Front de liberation du Quebec) believed that Quebec is a distinct society and worship s eparatism, which resulted in terrorism.In 1966, when Quebec faced elections they were confident of triumph, but the Union National had add changes to its image attracted more conservative voters and since the Quiet Revolution never really influenced the rural areas. On June 5th of 1966 the Union National won the elections against the Liberals. Although, the liberal party was elected in 1960 and defeated in 1966, Jean Lesage in 6 years of power had accomplished forceful changes; the French language took more place and importance in Canada, the welfare state; including the pension plan, Medicare and Hydro Quebec.The Quiet Revolution was an important point of reference in Quebec’s history; all governments elected in Quebec never omit to mention the importance and the positive consequences that it brought to Quebec. Words: 770 References 1. The Quiet Revolution changed Quebec Forever, http://www. llss. sd73. bc. ca/socials11/materials/chapter8/quiet_revn_changed_que_forever. pdf 2. October Crisis, The Quiet Revolution, http://www. historyofrights. com/flq1. html 3. The Canadian Encyclopedia, 2012 http://www. thecanadianencyclopedia. com/articles/quiet-revolution

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY.#3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY.#3 - Essay Example The research aims at identifying whether there is difference in the learning of complex and simple rules between teacher-directed (explicit) and grammar-discovery (implicit) approaches and if such differences exist at different levels of proficiency such as beginners, intermediate and advance language learners. The study entailed quantitative study over 2-month period at three proficiency levels with pre-post and delayed-post tests. The number of participants was 70 and their ages ranged from 13 to 19 years. Two treatment groups (N=35 in each group) with different proficiency levels were administered 15-minute sessions 4-5 times a week over the entire period of study using same mini grammar quiz and writing prompt. Explicit treatment was teacher-directed with formal rules while implicit treatment was task-based and grammar-discovery. Chi-square data analysis was used to identify the differences in grammar learning gains. The findings indicated that instructional intervention increases the learning of grammar forms. For implicit instruction, the interaction increased learning due to opportunity to improve cognitive ability to unconsciously analyse materials. For explicitly taught group, findings demonstrate that adults use deductive reasoning and benefit from structural presentations and ability o relate new information with their L1. The results indicate the methods matter since explicitly-taught groups scored highly than implicitly-taught groups for the complex rules. This indicates explicit group’s cognitive approach resonates well with adult learners’ brains while implicit groups’ attempts to discover rules and assimilate forms through practice. I agree with the author that teachers can spend more time in teaching complex grammar rules through explicit methods and allow the students to induct the simple structures and rules of grammar. I was interested in this source since I believe it lays foundation on future studies on grammar instruction

Discuss the palace of Knossos as an architectural embodiment of Minoan Essay

Discuss the palace of Knossos as an architectural embodiment of Minoan cosmology and culture, focusing particularly on the relat - Essay Example The Palaces were built on the Kephala hill where it had easy access to the sea as well as the Cretan interior. The first palace was destroyed in 1700BC but it was rebuilt again. However, the second palace was destroyed by fire in 1350 never to be rebuilt again.1 The area around the palace was transformed into a sacred region with and it was not inhabited. The Palace of Knossos was magnificent and was a symbol of the civilization of the people of Minos. Its construction was massive and no other known architectural piece rivaled it in size during those times. The palace was architectural plans were equally sophisticated and there was remarkable use of luxurious materials. Advance techniques were used in building the Palaces which made them stand out in the entire Crete. The Minoans demonstrated their technological advancements in the design of the Palaces by incorporating features such as light wells, complex drainage and water systems. The Palace of Knossos was built to serve religiou s as well as administrative functions. Hence, its design was elaborate and it comprised of several sections to suit various functionalities. This paper aims to discuss the palace of Knossos as an architectural embodiment of Minoan cosmology and culture. Specifically, the relationship of the palace to nature as topography, orientation and temporality is evaluated. Also, the use of ornament and role of ritual are discussed in detail. Role of Ritual The extensive palaces of Knossos were concerned with practical pleasures and celebrations for the people. The palaces were designed to allow for social interactions and communicated the underlying social ideologies and order. It has been argued that the Palace of Knossos was designed as an architectural expression of the social concepts of the time.2 The West Wing was dedicated to public ceremonies and performances. The elaborate walkways in the West Wing create an impression that this was the focal point of movement. They served as process ion ways leading to the inner parts of the palace. The elevation of the walkways indicates that there was a separation of the performers and the audience. One of the processional ways in the palace, known as the Royal Road, led to a large elevated area that was probably used for the theatrical performances.3 On the south side there was a square paved bastion built against it equipped with a platform. The platform was positioned in such a way that people could actually observe actual performances from there. It is evident that the theatrical area was arranged in such way that it could allow viewing in three levels. Arguably, the Knossos palace architectural environment created social hierarchy which had been translated into spatial order. If the paved bastion was indeed sectioned for the most prominent figures in Minoan society, then the two flights of steps could have functioned, as they stand, for the elite closest to the representatives of the community. However, the hierarchical positioning of people according to status could also function to realign the socio-political fabric of the Neo-palatial period during ceremonies ideological in nature. Hence, the theatrical area could be able to function in two ways depending on the occasion. The architecture of the palace was dynamic making it capable to serve various social functions. The other evidence that the palace of Knossos served as a ritual centre is its interior

Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 33

Journal - Essay Example Having a Mercedes in these times means that a person has accomplished so much in his lifetime and is content with what has been gained by them. Many of the researches and surveys have shown that the new generation is primarily focusing on the image, fame and money associated with them (Schensul et al, 389). Yet recent survey of thriving families by a professor in University of Chicago show that their adult members picked their most cherished memories as the things that made their time together with other people memorable. Even the people who are more materialistic and try to find happiness by buying things have the lowest of life satisfaction scores and materialism has a negative effect on happiness of a person according to the subjective well-being researches. Schensul, Jean J., Cristina Huebner, Merrill Singer, Marvin Snow, Pablo Feliciano, and Lorie Broomhall. "The high, the money, and the fame: the emergent social context of â€Å"new marijuana† use among urban youth."  Medical Anthropology  18, no. 4 (2000):

Construction & Diagnostic of Recombinant DNA Plasmid Research Paper

Construction & Diagnostic of Recombinant DNA Plasmid - Research Paper Example The experiment established that the competency of cells increased greatly.   In the next experiment, running PCR provided me with an amplified His3 gene which is used in subsequent steps to transform haploid yeast. Transformation occurred through homologous recombination. The experiment proved that specific integration does occur although cases of non-specific integration are rampant. In the next experiment, I constructed a sub-clone of the HIS3 gene and inserted it into a plasmid pSP72 making a recombinant plasmid which I used to transform bacterial cells. In order to determine whether the integration was successful, I extracted the plasmid to analyze if the inserted gene was present. However, I established that integration had not been successful. Introduction One of the laboratory techniques that help in understanding the basics of knocking out genes is the standardized procedure of replacing the ADE2 gene responsible for adenine biosynthesis with HIS3 that is responsible for on e of the steps in histidine amino acids. The procedure involves production of a hybrid polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as the first step. The hybrid product constitute of the vector DNA template and the primers of choice. Running of the PCR major steps produces the hybrid product. Agarose gel electrophoresis helps in determining whether PCR amplification occurred. The next step involves the transformation of yeast cells with the hybrid PCR product. The last step involves analysis of r4esults and morphology of transformed yeast cells. Other experiments involve transforming competent Escherichia coli cells with the use of a plasmid as a vector. This transformation follows the recombinant DNA technology protocol. The general procedure starts with digestion of plasmid DNA and template DNA of interest with restriction enzymes to generate DNA fragments with sticky ends. The second step involves ligation of the DNA fragments using DNA ligase, forming a recombinant plasmid. The next step in volves insertion of the recombinant plasmid into the competent bacterial cells. The final step involves plating on appropriate media and selection of transformed cells. In addition, performing a backward procedure of isolating the plasmid from the transformed cells verifies insertion at the right locus. Laboratory 1: Transformation of Competent Bacteria Objective: Introduction of Plasmid DNA into E. coli cells and determination of transformation efficiency Materials and Reagents: Plasmid DNA Gene of interest SOC media LB-amp media Procedure: The protocol preferred was the High-Efficiency Transformation Protocol. However, a variation occurred with 2 µl of plasmid DNA. The high efficiency transformation protocol requires thawing of competent cells in ice for about ten minutes. The next step involves transfer of 50 µl of the cells to a transformation tube using a micropipette. Adding of 2 µl of plasmid DNA into the tube followed. The next step involved placing the mixture on ice for 20 minutes. Next, exposure of cells to heat shock at 42?C occurs, a process lasting 35 seconds. Following this was adding the right amount of SOC media to the cells. After this, incubation at 37C? for 40 minutes and subsequent vigorous shaking followed. Plating of the cells in LB-amp media and overnight incubation at 37?C was the last step. In the first experiment, plating of the concentrated cell mixture without dilution occurred. In subsequent trials, there was dilution of cell solution at different dilution ratios.

Is Cutting Edge Textbook suitable for Saudi Cadets Essay

Is Cutting Edge Textbook suitable for Saudi Cadets - Essay Example They are given six months for experiment and see the suitability of these new textbook compared to the previous textbook which they used. Previous textbook was designed by the Technical Studies Institute of Dhahran Saudi Arabia. This study is aimed to research the influence of Cutting Edge textbook and the improvements it brings in the skills, knowledge and understanding of English language. 1.2 Problem The skills and knowledge of English language of cadets of Saudi air forces is not found up to the required standard. It is believed that English being the second language for Saudi students, it requires more planned and organized textbook for learning. Decision to give 75 students the textbook of Cutting Edge for English learning is made to experiment for six months. The problem identified for research of this study is to find out the suitability of the Cutting Edge textbook to the cadets selected for experimenting English learning with it 1.3 Research question â€Å"Is Cutting Edge Text Book suitable for Saudi Cadets?† 1.4 The purpose of study The purpose of this study is to understand the importance of English language in daily life and what are the reasons for its significance. It is also aimed in this study to learn about the various materials and techniques used in the Cutting Edge textbook. The audience addressed by the Cutting Edge textbook, the exercises used and places where it is implemented successfully are included in the purpose of research. The main objective is to evaluate the contents of the Cutting Edge textbook and find the extent of its suitability for the Saudi cadets. 1.5 Thesis Structure This section gives a structure of every chapter... The intention of this study is education as the process of learning. There are two ways in which learning takes place. The first way is by observation and experience. The most common example of learning by observation and experience is that of an infant baby who when comes in this world has very little knowledge about the way things need to be done. As the time passes by, the baby begins to recognize his parents, demand milk by crying, and struggle to do what other people do around him. First sit up, and then walk and then talk, this entire learning takes place only through experience and observation of parents and baby’s surroundings. The second way is through academic education in which there is a teacher, textbooks, other tools and the student. Student acquires the knowledge by listening and understanding the lectures of the teacher, reading the textbooks and other course materials. Education generally refers to this second way of learning. Every human being has an intellec t that helps him to think and understand anything around him. However, understanding requires knowledge. The only way of acquiring knowledge is through the process of learning either by experience and observation or by education. Knowledge helps a person to understand the creations of God and science helps in accepting it through reasoning and experimenting. The source of knowledge is God and therefore it is infinite. Man only struggle to search and acquire knowledge to get benefits out of it. The human capacities of knowledge are developed by education which is a creative and continuous process.

The Dead Christ with Angels Painting by Rosso Fiorentino Essay

The Dead Christ with Angels Painting by Rosso Fiorentino - Essay Example In the painting, Christ has been shown in nude along with other angels who are smaller in size than him and have been clothed. The play with proportions and the use of brilliant colors in combination with light and shadow shows that the painter is a follower of the Florentine mannerist school of painting. In this painting, the artist had made a deviation from his regular style of painting. This style consisted of sharp edges in painting along with the use of bright and complementary colors and with the delicate use of their changing effects. The body of Christ depicted in the painting, draws many influences from the works of Michelangelo. The physical features seem to be derived from his works like the sculpture of pieta and the 'Risen Christ' in the church of Santa Maria Sopra Minerva. Also, the posture of Christ sitting on the unidentifiable support resembles the postures of the ignudi on the ceiling of Sistine Chapel. With the influence of Parmigianino, Rosso added elegance and sophistication to his work as compared to his earlier works and this is expressed in this work. Christ, which is the central figure in the painting, is shown slightly larger than the angles; this might be an attempt to show the divinity and the largeness of his character.

Analysis of conversation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analysis of conversation - Assignment Example Analysis of a conversation is the study of trying to describe the structure and order that a conversation takes place in. every dialogue or interaction that takes place between people has a particular way of functioning attached to it. Presented forth are two conversation analyses that have taken place in two different instances and situations. Both conversations are fairly informal in nature, with the second conversation having a hint of formality between the speakers. Conversation Analysis 1 Speech Acts and Moves: In the first conversation, speaker A is very hesitant and is holding himself from completely speaking what he wants to, perhaps due to certain inconsistencies in his character. The use of a directive speech act has been made by A in lines 1 and 3 in the form of a request. He asks questions in lines 6, 10 and 13 whereas B asks a question in line 4. Future actions or Commissives have also been used in lines 15A and 14B. He does not wish to come across as someone who is not able to afford the paint, and thus messes up his sentences in trying to clarify their costs with the shop keeper. He takes a number of pauses in his speech and conveys a lot of uncertainty in his dialogue whereas B is very sure of himself and promptly replies to everything he is asked. Illocutionary acts involve making conversation very concisely, in a manner that helps to put forth clearly the message that one wishes to speak. However, as compared to Conversation 1, conversation 2 is much clearer in conveying what the speakers want to ask each other. Moves are also present in the discourse at lines 3 and 4 as the conversation moves gradually from one speaker to another. Turn taking and Pauses: Taking turns to speak is a very fundamental aspect of any conversation. Turns are taken between speakers participating in a conversation when one wants to compare the conversation to a certain norm or make a comparison between two dialogues. B helps A speak by giving him chances to voice his opinions and takes his own turns with great patience to speak except for when B interrupted A at 4 with his line 5. Also, in line 10, B began his dialogue beforehand, as an appended term tag, already predicting the answer to A’s dialogue in line 11. There are many pauses in the conversation, for example in lines 5, 15 and 16, all by A as he was very unsure of his speech. Adjacency Pairs: This is an aspect of conversation analysis where the conversation tends to take place in responsive pairs. In the first conversation, an adjacency pair is noticeable as the conversation is taking place between A and B side by side with both parties trying their best to carry on the conversation and help the other speak the next sentence. The answer to A’s question in line 6 has been answered by B in line 9. Much the same way, 9 has been replied to in line 10 and finally 16 and 17 are another adjacency pair as B apologizes in the final line. Cooperative Principle: Cooperative principles help to define how people react and speak with one another. A person who makes use of this principle always helps to add more to the conversation and take it further to another level. This involves cooperating with the sentences and dialogues spoken by the other parties engaging in the same conversation in a manner that helps to take the conversation ahead. All these actions indicate uneasiness and hesitance which further tell us that he is not interested in carrying on the conversati

Effects of Violent TV Programming on Adolescent Behavior Essay Example for Free

Effects of Violent TV Programming on Adolescent Behavior Essay Violent behavior is a central theme in many kinds of media. Television and movies depict violent behaviors as acceptable ways of communicating and resolving problematic social situations (Strasburger Donnerstein, 1999). During the twentieth century, Americans were introduced to a wide variety of media technology, including televisions, digital computers, video cassette players and handheld electronic machines (Anderson Bushman, 2001). Although television is but one of the many media venues, it represents the predominant medium to which very young children are exposed. The 1972 report to the Surgeon General found that 96% of American homes have one or more television sets and the average home set is on more than six hours a day and frequent viewing usually begins at about age 3 and remains relatively high until about age 12 (1972, pp. 1-2). Kaisers study (1999) found that children spend up to 40 hours per week in front of the television. For children under the age of 7, Wright et al. (1994) found that media exposure averaged just over four hours per day. Other studies have concurred that the television has become a predominant medium of experience for the child. In a 1990 position paper, the NAEYC stated that the trend toward increased depiction of violence in the media jeopardizes the healthy development of significant numbers of our nations children (1990, p. 18). The viewing experience is highly complex, subjective, and dependent upon the childs level of cognitive and emotional understanding (Wright et al. , 1994). Social scientists and policy makers have expressed concern about the potential negative impact of exposure of violence on children (Bushman Geen, 1990). They have explored the negative impact longitudinally, both experimentally and observationally, and found that children as young as 2 and into adolescence are adversely affected by televised violence. Studies demonstrated that after viewing violent programs, the child behaved aggressively and imitated the scenes of the violent behavior in his play (Anderson Bushman 2001). This paper explores the current state of research in this area and seeks for the relationship between television watching and childhood violence. Television and Violence The most recent large-scale longitudinal study was initiated in 1994 by researchers at the Universities of California, Texas, Wisconsin, and North Carolina. The National Television Violence Study (NTVS) was deemed the largest scientific study of television violence ever undertaken (Federman, 1998). NTVS involved a three-year effort (1994-1997) to review violence in televised programming. It examined three areas of concern: televised programming context, factors that either positively or negatively alter the risk of viewing violence, and the interactions between programming and the viewers. In this study, nearly 10,000 hours of televised cross-channel programming were examined using five major groupings: broadcast networks, independent broadcast, public broadcast, basic cable, and premium cable. The authors found that 61% of programs contain violence. By the third year of the study, there was more violent interaction observed across the programs analyzed. Specific to the younger child, the study found that childrens programs, as a genre, contained the greatest share (50%) of all high-risk violent interactions, as well as the highest ratio of interactions per hour (. 75) (Federman, Vol. 3, 1998, p. 175). Child-oriented cable programs such as those on Cartoon Network, Disney, or Nickelodeon contained the most high risk violent interactions (27%), compared to general-entertainment basic cable (24%), independent broadcast (19%), and premium cable (17%) (Federman, 1998). Early morning viewing, which is primarily child-focused cartoon programming, has at least one high-risk violent presentation every hour. In one week, a child is exposed to at least 20 violent behavior depictions, and in one year over 1,000, if he watches three hours of early morning television a day (Federman, 1997-1998). The authors also found that over the course of three years there was little change in the overall number of violent programs. However, there was a significant increase (8%) in the portrayals of violent incidents per program and childrens programs continued to depict violence in animated stories (Federman, Vol. 2, 1998). In many of these violent interactions, the main character did not experience any appropriate consequences for aggressive behavior. One of the goals of the NTVS was to encourage more responsible television programming and viewing. The study emphasized the message that understanding the impact of viewed televised violence offers an opportunity to significantly reduce the risks to society that are posed by exposure to televised violence. Young Childs Experience of Violence The American media is rife with portrayals of justified violence (Federman, 1997-1998). The good guy beats up the bad guy, and laughter or expressions of glee follow hurtful acts. This conveys the message that aggression is an acceptable way to solve problems and express frustration. Children of all ages watch television and videos on a daily basis and are exposed to acts of violence that potentially shape their way of thinking and behaving (Minow Lamay, 1995, p. 36) Cartoons feature patterns that are more likely to encourage aggression in children, especially if they are under the age of seven (Boyatzis et al. , 1987). Aggressive behaviors, often portrayed in the genre of animation aimed at children, are confusing for the young child. The stories presented as humorous, with laughter accompanying actions that are hostile and aggressive. This may lead to a decrease in his potential fear of danger and may also foster desensitization to harmful situations (Federman, 1997-1998). Significant results revealed that televised violence is changing the behavior of children (Federman, 1997-1998). Individuals of all ages learn through observation. Three important factors affect the impact of learning through modeling. First, the more engaging and attractive the model is, the more the viewer will stay attentive; the less appealing the character is, the more likely the viewer will be distracted or ignore the experience. The second compelling factor is the repeated exposure of the modeling stimuli. As a result of repeated exposure, modeling stimuli eventually produces enduring, retrievable images (Bandura, 1977, p. 25). The third factor, the complexity of the observed experience, affects the rate of observational learning. It is based on the observers capacity to process information. However, the young child may imitate without knowing what his behavior means. Bandura suggests that immediate imitation does not require much in the way of cognitive functioning because the behavioral reproduction is externally guided by the models action (Bandura, 1977, p. 27). Banduras research throughout the 1960s and 1970s with the inflatable Bobo doll demonstrated a relationship between viewing aggressive acts of behavior and performing them. He found that children would more often choose the Bobo doll to punch after viewing a televised violent program than reading a book or choosing a quiet game. Although Banduras work on modeling has been challenged over the years, there has been strong support. Later researchers have expanded Banduras initial studies, finding that the younger the child is, the more likely he will use imitation rather than rational thinking to choose an appropriate, non-violent way of relating. Eron et al. (1972) reported a strong relationship between viewed violence at age 8 and aggressive behavior. Canton and Sparks (1984) found that preschool children have a greater fear response than older children and react accordingly to what they see. Singer et al. (1999) concluded that there was a significant association linking violent exposure with childrens self-reported violent behaviors. Boyatzis et al. s 1995 study of 52 elementary school children with a mean age 7 years, 9 months, showed how children reacted to watching an episode of The Power Rangers. They found that the childs aggressive tendency and lack of fear was immediate and markedly greater following an exposure to but a single episode of The Power Rangers. (Boyatzis et al. , 1995, p. 53). Animated programming such as The Power Rangers, Ninja Turtles characterizes the hero as attractive, strong, and powerful. These characters use violence to solve problematic situations and rescue the helpless victim. The NTVS found that a preschooler who watches an average of 2 hours a day of such content will 43 be exposed to at least 10 hazardous portrayals a week, and over 500 in a year (Federman, Vol. 3, 1998, p. 163). Other studies have documented the relationship between exposure to violence and aggressive thought and action. For example, Josephson (1987) presented two television excerpts, one violent and one non-violent, to 396 third-grade boys from 13 schools. She hypothesized that there was a relationship between viewed violence and aggressive play behavior. Significance was found in increased aggressive behavior in boys who played a game of hockey after watching a violent program. Boys who scored high on characteristic levels of aggressiveness used more aggressive behaviors in their hockey game if they were in the groups that viewed violence. Furthermore, she found that the boys who watched the violent tape and were not given verbal cues about appropriateness of the behavior played more aggressively after the tape than either the boys who watched a non-violent tape, or boys who watched a violent tape but were given verbal cues that commented on appropriateness of behavior(Josephson, 1987). Children are being presented with messages that invite aggressive ways of relating to resolve situations and handle life events (Groves 2002). Current televised shows use cartoons, as well as live actors, to display forms of aggression as a means of relating to others and solving problems. A significant shift in televised programming, though, has occurred with the portrayal of aggressive behavior through more real life characterization, as illustrated in shows like The Power Rangers. The visual experience of aggressive behavior has become more like real life to the child because instead of viewing animated characters using aggressive behavior, the child can now watch individuals similar to himself transmogrify into violent machines (Boyatzis et al. , 1995). In this mechanical state, the portrayed behavior is violent and aggressive with the childs intention of solving a problem. Witnessing these aggressive acts of behavior gives the child a script to construct his social interactions. Since young children create and store behavior that they see, viewing violence becomes a potential way of relating to an experience. Whether the televised programming is in the form of cartoons or real life, social scripts are constructed by the child and are then employed in day-to-day experiences (Groves 2002). Mitigating the Influence of Violent Television Even though there have been numerous studies documenting the impact of televised violence on the behavior of children, the television industry has been reluctant to change violent programming (Singer et al. , 1999). As a result, recent research has focused on how to mitigate the experience of what the child sees rather than waiting for the industry to change what is presented to the public. The child uses internal processes, relying on cognitive and emotional capacities, to actively understand what has been experienced. In his efforts to understand these experiences, the child will find a way to concretize the experience into either emotional or behavioral responses. Younger children need the assistance of another to understand what they experience because they are unable to adjust their viewing and comprehension activities in response to learning instructions (Field Anderson, 1985, p. 91). Collins, Sobol, and Westby (1981) studied 47 children with a mean age of 7. 8 years. Children who watched a program in the presence of an adult who provided ongoing commentary showed improved comprehension of the plot and the witnessed experiences. Without adult participation, the younger children remembered only the aggressive behaviors without remembering the link to either the motive or the consequence. Huesmann et al. (1983) sampled 169 first- and third-grade children over a two-year period. The focus of the study was to mitigate the relation between aggression and television violence viewing in children through an intervention that altered the childrens attitudes about aggression and violent shows (Huesmann et al. , 1983, p. 899). They found a significant change in how the child responded to violence when the experimenter commented on the violent behavior. More children responded with appropriate answers when they were directly asked, what are the bad things that could happen when a child imitates the aggressive behavior of a character? St. Peters et al. (1991) found that the role of co-viewing by the parent with the child is beneficial. This study was conducted over a two-year period and involved the participation of 271 children, ages 3 to 5 years, and their parents. Parental comments about the televised material helped the children understand what they saw. The parents comments differentiated acceptable and non-acceptable behavior for the child. Young children need this clarification and guidance because they have relatively few internal structures to guide them in their behavior (St. Peters et al. , 1991). Kubey (1996) noted that network and cable programming are unsuitable for some children, especially the young child. No amount of adult commenting will completely mitigate what a child experiences. Monitoring and limiting a childs choice of television shows to reduce the exposure to violent behaviors is similar to monitoring a childs choice of foods to ensure health and nutrition. Children are victims to the effects of exposure to violence. Parents are critically important as a resource for the child in his attempt to understand the world. Grover (2002) noted that the child who has been exposed to violence responds more favorably to a nurturing, sensitive and caring adult relationship. The more parents know about their childs changing capacities to understand the world, the better able they are to respond empathically and appropriately to the child (Garbarino, 1992). However, it is essential, as a parent is a primary resource to buffer, explain and clarify life experiences for the child that are beyond the childs capacity to understand ((Minow Lamay, 1995). The study by Singer et al. (1980) found that parents influenced their childrens perceptions of the importance of television by the type and amount of television viewing they had. Collins et al. (1981) found that parental commentary helped children understand the implicit program content. The longitudinal study by St. Peters et al. (1991) of 3- and 5-year-olds and their families viewing patterns found that parents viewing choices play a role in determining a childs exposure to television programs. Conclusion Young children often copy the violent actions that they have witnessed. Banduras work on modeling in the field of social learning has been significant in conceptualizing the relationship between viewing violence and subsequent behaviors. The solution for ameliorating the impact of televised violence focuses on change in parental attitudes as well as profound changes in the entertainment industry. Changing parental attitudes and behavior toward media violence is more feasible than changing the way the entertainment industry portrays violence. Educating parents about the childs cognitive and emotional developmental capacities has been recommended widely as one solution to lessen the potential impact of media violence. References Anderson, C, Bushman, B. (2001). Effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, aggressive affect, physiological arousal, and prosocial behavior: A meta-analytic review of the scientific literature. American Psychological Society, 12, pp. 353-359. Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Boyatzis, C. J. , Matillo, G. M. , Nesbitt, K. M. (1995). Effects of The Mighty Morphin Power Rangers on childrens aggression with peers. Child Study Journal, 25(1), pp. 45-55.

Reflective Essay of the Family

Reflective Essay of the Family Write a short autobiographical piece relating to the theories and concepts discussed in the first half of the course. How might parts of your own or your familys life observe, illuminate or be illuminated by the theories and concepts discussed in weeks 1-5 of the course? I was born in Italy and resided there till the age of twenty-eight. I lived in a regional town of around forty-thousand inhabitants with limited cultural opportunities. I studied for a baccalaureate in business and entered the working environment as a news cameraman. In Italy, this would be the equivalent of a blue-collar worker. After having been working for ten years I moved to London and commenced employment as a sales and account manager in I.T. This job required intellectual application to office administration and high degrees of interpersonal relations, combined with knowledge of the product and its application within the marketplace. My increased earnings allowed me to purchase a home for the first time. Access to cultural opportunities in London has broadened my knowledge and understanding of the arts. London has allowed me to realise my potential to become a professional and commence this process by undertaking a history degree. My experience of London has been one of inqui ry and integration within a tolerant and multicultural environment. I will now seek to observe and to illuminate by application to my life some of the concepts and theories discussed in the first half of the course. Conventional wisdom has redefined the social structure of society by cataloguing the population into three classes: the rich, the middle class and the poor. This is very likely to represent the current classification in Italy. Therefore, the distribution of income is the main factor why classes still exist through the buying and selling of labour.[1] In Italy, I would have been classified as being a member of the poor class. Italy is characterised by a stark division between highly industrialised districts and underdeveloped areas of peasant farming. However, it is not always the case that farmers are positioned in a lower economic class than those of white-collar workers. For instance, and from my own experience, Italian farmers may be economically better-off than public servants because of the potential to sell their produce in their ow n shops and to secure a higher income. Accordingly, their economic capital is directly converted in the form of property rights and tangible assets such as houses and cars. [2] By relocating to London my observable classification within a conventional understanding of class remained unchanged because I could only sell my skills and labour. Now applying Bourdieus frameworks for class in Italy, I would have been considered as having a low economic capital. However, Bourdieus concept of cultural and social capitals applied to my employment as a news cameraman demonstrates an enrichment of both those capitals due to the enlargement of my social contacts. It could be claimed that I had found the perfect fit and I was floating like a fish in water: my habitus, made up of layering built up by experiences grounded in my body and mind, had met a social world of which it is the product,[3] therefore, I was experiencing the world pleasantly and I was in my comfort zone. Being a newcomer in London brought about the experience of a downward shift on all my capitals. Work, education and social networks had to be rebuilt. When someone steps out of the comfort zone it is likely to resemble a fish out of water, a suffused sense of inadequacy.[4] The new environment has offered me opportunities to improve my education and expand my social contacts. Bourdieu suggests that it is under conditions of hysteresis[5] when you are a fish out of water that great changes can occur. The hysteresis effect might provide an explanation of how I can make sense of my new environment based on my habitus, and on my capacity to decode parallels between the previous context and the new one. The seven classes of the Great British Class Survey of 2013 are built upon the development of certain sectors of economic activity, such as the technical middle class and the new affluent workers.[6] In Italy I would have been included in the traditional working class. Using the Survey Calculator twice and ending up in two different classes, it was evident that I provided the same social and cultural capitals and only modified my income. Firstly, when I used to work as an account manager, I was assigned to the group of Established middle class, secondly, now that I am a student, I fall within the Traditional working class. Mike Savage, one of the promoters and researchers of the survey, in his BBC Radio 4 interview, has stated that the study has moved away from the occupational classes.[7] This would not be the case, in fact as the results of my two surveys demonstrate, it does not take into consideration cultural and social capitals. I also agree with Colin Mills, lecturer in sociol ogy at Nuffield College Oxford, that the nature of the BBC sample is somewhat flawed: the 160.000 respondents of the online survey are most likely to be more educated and in highly paid jobs, whereas the respondents of the face-to-face research of 1000 people are more varied and allowed to build more classes[8]. It can be claimed that the findings of the BBC survey come from the information provided by the smaller research, hence the internet survey plays almost no role in defining these categories and the class I fall in. It can be clearly observed that, by applying class theories to my own life, only one class theory demonstrates any depth of analysis with regards to social and cultural aspects, namely the one developed by Bourdieu. By moving from Italy to London, my class has shifted upwards in all my three capitals. References [1] https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/ch01.htm#007 [accessed on 20th January 2017] [2] Pierre, Bourdieu, The Forms of Capital, in John Richardson (ed.), Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, (New York, 1986),p.243 [3] Pierre, Bourdieu and LoiÃÅ'ˆc J. D., Wacquant, An invitation to reflexive sociology, (Cambridge, 1992),p.127 [4] Diane, Reay, Gill, Crozier and John, Clayton, (2010) Fitting in or standing out: working-class students in UK higher education, British Educational Research Journal 32(1),p.11 [5] Pierre, Bourdieu, Outline of a theory of practice, trans. Richard Nice, (Cambridge, 1977),p.78 [6] Mike, Savage et al., A new model of social class? Findings from the BBCs Great British Class Survey experiment, Sociology 47(2), p. 230 [7] http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07gg1kb [8] Ibid.

Conducting Effective Performance Appraisals Essay -- Management Employ

Conducting Effective Performance Appraisals Performance appraisal is considered a key tool for managerial needs of today’s organizations. Performance appraisal is the process by which organizations evaluate job performance. Usually a performance appraisal system requires a manager to rate each employee’s performance according to performance criteria’s that have already been established over a period of time. Performance appraisal systems also provide a basis for planning improvement as well as means for determining merit increases, transfers and even dismissals. According to Berkeley’s Policy and Procedures, the purpose of performance appraisal is to be able to measure and enhance individual and institutional performance, and in turn to providing professional and career growth, determining merit increases, and meeting the internal and external demands for documentation of individual performance. Performance appraisals are intended to encourage open communication between the employees and the supervisors. As a result, it provides an understanding of the employees’ job responsibilities, the standards of performance of a supervisor, and the progress of an employee in his or her job responsibilities. Performance appraisal are very important to employees because some type of feedback is needed in order for employees to be aware of how well they are performing their job or on the contrarily, to be informed of the areas which they need improvement in. Feedback is one of the most important factors supporting high level of performance. Without performance appraisals or feedback, employees have no way of knowing whether they are doing a good job or whether there are some areas in which they need to improve (F... ...ine. Available: http://www.sasknetwork.gov.sk.ca/pages/tw/d121.htm. Bartley, Douglas L. Job Evaluation. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. Reading, Massachusetts 1995. Cohen, Steven and William Eimicke. The New Effective Public Manager. Jossey-Bass Publishers. San Francisco 1995. Fournies, Ferdinand F. â€Å"Employees Don’t Do What They Are Supposed To Do Because They Think They Are Doing It When They Really Aren’t.† Library Hall Press 1988. Online. Available: http://www.gmp1st.com/mntp0798.htm. Heathfield, Susan M. â€Å"Performance Appraisals Don’t Work.† Human Resources (6/11/00). Online. Available: http://humanresources.about.com/careers/humanresources/library/weekly/aa061100a.htm. Henemen, Robert L. Linking Pay Increase to Performance Ratings. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. Reading, Massachusetts 1992.

Atwood’s Presentation of her Female Characters Essay -- Alias Grace Ma

Atwood’s Presentation of her Female Characters Early in the novel Atwood presents us with the division between ladies and women. The example given is Grace compared to the governor’s wife and the ladies who frequently visit her. It seems that grace wishes that she was a lady when she comments â€Å"I have no gloves† this shows that Grace is conscious of her appearance even if she is in prison. Grace cannot sit on the governor’s wife’s settee without thinking of the ladies that have sat there before her who have bums â€Å"like wobbly soft boiled eggs†. These ladies are compared to jellyfish that grace has seen in her childhood, Grace shows admiration for these ladies ass he says â€Å"they were bell shaped and ruffled† Atwood also makes the point through grace that ladies of this time were restricted. This is achieved by the mentioning of wire crinolines that were â€Å"Like birdcages† the ladies were not allowed to touch or brush up against other men’s legs. Grace is now talking about legs in sexual way (also another sign of the times) â€Å"the governor’s wife never says legs† this commen...

THE NEW GENDER GAP Essay -- essays research papers

THE NEW GENDER GAP By This article talks about the educational, environmental, and social gap that has been created because girls are becoming a bigger part of the world today. It starts out by discussing a class of 2003 that had voted in their high school leaders. Everyone had voted in a male as senior class president. But after taking office, he quickly instructed all of the female members that he was the one calling all of the shots. Once the girls realized they out numbered the boys, they quickly impeached him and voted in a girl as class president. From the beginning of time women have been told they need to do their job, which was bearing children, taking care of the house as well as tending to their husband. That became an education base for teachers. Except this all changed when women took the place of their husband at work while they went off to war in World War I. A movement started to take place. Soon you started to slowly see women working. Mothers, caregivers, and educators began to make girls see that the opportunities for growth was great, and all they had to do was grab it. With each achievement a woman made, others praised them. The drive for women to succeed only became so great that more emphasis has been put on females, which leave the male gender lacking. It is shown there are 133 girls getting their BAS for every 100 boys, a number that is expected to grow to 142 women 100 men by the year 2010. While girls have better grades, are more thorough in th...

High School District Essay

The recent studies have shown that trend on school drop out is increasing every year. This is rampant drop out of young youths is becoming an alarming issues especially for students in their secondary schools and those enrolled in higher educations institutions. The rate of school drop out is varied between ethnic groups. For instance, it has become overt in the American research that the number of Hispanic students that do not complete their studies is much greater than that the number of the Caucasians. Generally, there is lot evidence which shows that score of Native Americans, African Americans, Hispanics and some Asian American rare graduates from secondary schools. Numerous reasons for school drop out have been put into consideration. (Velez, 1989) However, dropout from school is an issue which is the overall resultant of the society together with the institution/ organizations failure to perform satisfactorily of their assignments. This disparity in drop out rate displayed by various ethnic groups of has been an issue of major concern which has brought a lot of controversies in many research studies. Drop out from schools is attributed to several factors which may affect the communities differently. These factors are evident in studying them independently in different ethnic groups. The Impacts of such factor are well established as primary contributors to students’ drop out. These contributing factors include education and workforce preparation, health and safety, poverty as well as family structure. According to the research study, these factors have contributed variously to the dropout rate on Hispanic students as well as for the Caucasians, but there the overall results shows that Hispanics are much affected than the Caucasians. (Thornton-Little, 1996) Education and workforce preparation Although education systems in the kern count high district schools are the same, there are numerous ways in which the education systems do not satisfy or favor the retention of Hispanics in the systems. There are numerous challenges based on the education systems which face Hispanic students more than the Caucasians. Hispanics are much affected on the ways on gaining knowledge necessary for their success. This can be seen in the fact that most of the Hispanics lack preschool service for their young children unlike Caucasians who can access such services. Moreover, most of the Caucasians have better foundation not only on education ground but also the are much advantaged by have post studies services after school, hence they can continue studying at home areas. According to the curriculum of the kern count high school districts, the language which is officially provided on the teaching system is basically in English especially in the district schools. One factor of fundamental is that the school curriculum in the region has indirectly and directly disfavored the Hispanics. According to the curriculum set up, the education systems have set hierarchical system of the education institutions. Through this kind of set up, the Hispanics get marginalized more than the Caucasians. Several studies have shown that schools which have Hispanic students as the majority population have experienced a lot of problems based on management and financing. Most of the district high school whose population is dominated by Hispanic students has frequent straining due to inadequate funding. Inadequate funding on schools limits the school management on the purchase of essential facilities requirement to facilitate the understanding of the course being taught. In addition, marginalization of highly populated schools by Hispanics is well portrayed by having unqualified teachers. Despites the low qualification of the teachers in such school, the ratio of teacher to students is very high which is an indication of inadequate number of teaching staffs. Due to the marginalization of the learning institutions with dominant number of the Hispanic students, the formulated policies such as no child is left behind would be proven as ineffective as other previous policies. The integral results of this marginalized institutions is that there is no satisfaction of the students. The low level of English language understanding by the Hispanics together with the marginalization of the school has consequently resulted to low academic achievement. The low academic achievement on the students translates to the high rates of drop out among the Hispanics more than the Caucasians. (Brice-Heath, 1983) Since the establishment education system, education has played very vital role in the preparation of the individuals for job. Education is viewed as basic on imparting knowledge which is necessary for the well paid jobs. Therefore, there is very close relation on the kind of jobs which are done by those persons with the necessary knowledge on a particular work. While teaching language is very fundamental on imparting knowledge on particular job skill, most Hispanic students finds it difficulty on grasping the concepts which are passed on English language. For most of the Caucasians students, they experience easy time on learning such skill in English language rather than in any other language. This is because they are native speakers of English and therefore are have much understanding of its usage than the Hispanics. This encourages and makes them to get on and cope well with the education tracks. (Brooks-Gunn and Pamela, 1996) Employment opportunities do consider certain qualities of the incumbents who apply for jobs. One key factor quality which is often considered in job employment is the ability to communicate both to fellow workforce as well as customers of the firm. English language which is a factor of paramount in job offer, it acts as barring and discouraging factor for the Hispanics. The Hispanic students find it hard in getting a job due to lack of English proficiency. This is a mandatory requirement for job security for the Hispanics who are non-English speakers while on the other side the Caucasian who are mostly English speakers are given an advantage by excluding such requirement. The Hispanics students therefore feel and perceive that this in unfair to them and they therefore term it as job and employment discrimination. According to some research studies on the employment of the Hispanics, the Hispanics students who are immigrants has the perception that the job market has taken the English deficiency to their advantage while punishing them by offering them low wages and salaries. While there is rationality on the argument about the language deficiency among the Hispanics, there is general conclusion that the Hispanics leaves the schooling system due to unsatisfying services offer to the students. This makes them to be not well prepared for their future job and career, as a great number of the Hispanic graduates are grouped as â€Å"not well† or â€Å"not all† English proficient. According to employers and the general understanding of the importance of language fluency, lack of language fluency leads to poor coordination of all organization activities. Thus, the handicaps of English speakers have limited number of the people they communicate to as workers. The handicapped Hispanics in English language are thus not prone to reduce job opportunities but they also have to cope with work environment which is harsh in nature. Furthermore, the low prepared Hispanics for job are exposed to the job market which offers them little chance of climbing the ladder for better opportunities which has better work environment as well as being well paid. (Ogbu, 1995), Adolescents risk taking Adolescence stage poses numerous challenges to the young youths. Despite the increasing population of the Hispanics in the region, there is still little concern over the academic achievement. Adolescence brings a lot of changes to the individuals’ behavior and therefore there is risk of letting the adolescent to get swayed from the education system. Though there is devotion of encouraging and maintaining the Hispanic students on the track of education, drop out from school at secondary level in hiked by the behavior adopted by the adolescents. The Hispanics are at more risk of dropping out from school as both male and female youths lack the essential foundation to have the sense of self esteem. According to the numerous studies which are revealed from different fields such as social and sociological studies, scores of Hispanics are involved in risky behavior which may lead termination of their education studies. According to Alva, Hispanics female students in district schools have average lower degree of self esteem which translates to undesirable academic results. This implies that a change must be instituted on their behavior to improve their education performances. Many have pointed out that high performance on grade and tests give an encouragement and aspiration to the student making them to keep on the education tracks. (Thornton-Little, 1996) Hispanics and Caucasians students are both faced with challenges drug and substance use in their schooling process. The use such prohibited substances are highly encouraged due to pressures and stresses arising from studies, families and general society. In most cases, they serve as means of coping with worse social environment. Comparing the situation of Hispanics with those of the Caucasians, it is evident that Hispanics have a lot stressful life than Caucasians. The increase in drug abuse among the Hispanics is another key factor which transforms to higher school dropout as such substance has great correlation on violent behavior unacceptable in school institution. (Sharon Boles, 1994) Hispanic female students get into risky and eroding behavior more than the Caucasians. This is well indicated from the point whereby the number of female students that get into relationships with their male counterparts end up pregnant. This shows that they have little awareness of involving into such risky behavior while are still in the course schooling. This not only ends up with most of the students being alienated by their friends but they also get alienated by the school institutions. Even though the opportunity of school continuation may be offered in future, this leads to development of immense stress on the individual hence the denial of furthering their studies. Thus, misbehaving and other disciplinary matters are depicted to be higher among the Hispanics than in the Caucasians. (Thornton-Little, 1996) Though the law of the U. S prohibits the child labor, the U. S labor market is anticipated to have estimated children as employed workers of 5 million. The foundation of the law on child labors is basically founded on the risks which are involved in the job markets. Therefore, while most of the school dropouts go out to search for jobs, they are employed mostly on workplaces where they have little knowledge of the risks involved. While most of the high school dropouts are aged between 12 and 17, they are offered jobs illegally according to the child law. The dropout rate of the Hispanics being the leading in comparison with that of the Caucasians, this means that the Hispanic adolescents are high risk takers. Family Structure Most families in the Hispanics have been categorized to have the old type family structure. Students and their families show strong hold on the extended family kinship. Due to the maintenance of the oldest systems of families, they impact of teaching of the ancient culture which increases the rate of marriages and reduces the habit of divorce. Thus most of the Hispanic students are brought up in families with both parents. This setting of family structure is viewed to offer better parenthoods to their children as compared to singled parents. In addition to offering better parent care to their children, they also help in maintaining attitudes that reduces the risk behavior that may lead to school dropout. The families of most Hispanics are composed of couples from the same ethnics groups, while in the Caucasians; there is some inter-marriage from different ethnics groups. This discourages the teaching of particular culture in the families of the Caucasians which final enhance the promotion education rather than ethnic cultures. Lack of intermarrying among the Hispanics gives them encouraging cultural languages has lead to difficulties in advice the students on academic matters. This is because, while the family couples do not the necessarily understand of the language, they do not encourage their children in learning the English language. (Chao, 1994) Health and safety The health status of the community is highly depended on the education and the vice versa. According to the education level, most Hispanics are illiterate and they therefore experience certain barriers concerning health services. One of main barrier which is depicted as lead to persistent poor healthy services is language. The Hispanics have well developed culture which is geared towards conserving their language. As result of this conservative nature of their language as their culture, most of the Hispanics do not receive the necessary health service both on personal level of education services and counseling as well as in the doctor treatment. Because of language barrier among the Hispanics, preventive measures are rarely achieved in the Hispanics than in the Caucasians. Language barrier makes the healthcare givers to delivery under-standardized services to the Hispanics. During the year of 2002, Hispanics were found to be 1. 5 time likely to access healthy services at severe illness or late stage sickness. (Sharon Boles, 1994) Hispanics’ limited access to healthy services has made them vulnerable to numerous ailments than the Caucasians community. Due to lack of the necessary information, ailments which are caused by bad eating habits are eminent among the Hispanics. Those they are caused by unethical eating practices, they have been of paramount importance concerning the education of Hispanics. They are diseases which are usually persistent and permanent, hence, the patients has to cope with the diseases for rest of their life. These diseases include mostly heart diseases, diabetes and cancer which general lowers the quality of life. As results of the high level of such disease infection among the Hispanics, most students also terminate their education due to deteriorated lives. (Ogbu, 1995) When sickness becomes persistence and permanent in a family, the treatment process has both psychological effects such as stress and pressure. The psychological stress, which is likely to develop in family members and those close relatives of the patients have negative effects on student academic performances. Moreover, persistent ailments affects the families financially depleting them their wealthy hence making them impoverished. This affects the Hispanics’ family ability to cater for the cost of education for their children more than the Caucasians. Poverty levels Hispanics have low job opportunities availability. This makes most of the Hispanics live as unemployed persons. The Hispanic employees are give the harsh jobs which are contrary low paid. The means that most of the Caucasians are favored in job opportunity chances, thus they end up being preferred for most skilled jobs and jobs that are well paid. While academic performance is closely linked to job opportunities, numerous Hispanic parents are employed as unskilled laborers, an indication that they have low incomes. Reference: Brice-Heath, S. (1983). Ways with Words: Language, Life, and Work in Communities and Classrooms. New York: Cambridge University Press Brooks-Gunn, J. and Pamela, (1996), Ethnic differences in children’s intelligence test scores: Role of economic deprivation, home environment, and material characteristics. Child Development, 67, 390-407. Chao, R. (1994). Beyond parental control and authoritarian parenting style: understanding Chinese parenting through the cultural notion of training. Child Development, 65, 1109-1116 Ogbu, J. (1995), Cultural problems in minority education: The interpretations and consequences. 27, 188-204 Sharon Boles, J. (1994): Alcohol and Other Drug Use Patterns among Mexican-American, Mexican, and Caucasian Adolescents: Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, Vol. 23, 78-102 Thornton-Little, B. (1996): The Effect of Pregnancy on the Dropout Rate of Female High School Students. Velez, W. (1989), High school attrition among Hispanic and Non-Hispanic white youths, Sociology of Education, 62, 117-120

Geography Influenced Civilization

Sakija Wilkinson HST 140 WA/4 WA2 Geography Influenced Civilization Geography influenced civilization that arose in china, in so many ways. One way was the yellow river in which ancient china basically grew out of. All of the earliest civilizations arose on flood plains of major rivers because these lands provided the fertile land required to support their civilization. The yellow river was used to contribute to china’s civilization by also being as a highway to unify and control.There was also the warring states period which came about when the steppe cavalries became a serious threat to china in northern region, which ended when Qin Kingdom conquered the rest. During this period though, there were fights among seven major kingdoms that were independent and they were fighting to gain power and to become superior to all other in authority.Geography comes in with the help of the mountains and hills that contributed toward the sturdy walls that were built by the three northern s tates to keep raids from happening with the nomads and also to defend their villages. Lui, pp. 22-23, Unit 4 Module; Politics in State Power in Great River Valley Societies). The Land, soil and river provide resources for the farming and contributed toward the ranking and freedom of certain people. â€Å"Those who devoted themselves to the fundamental enterprise and through their farming and weaving contributed much grain and cloth would be freed from tax and corvee. † (Rielly, 2010, p. 129). Also farmers served as soldiers, and because of this the portion of agriculture provided the lifeblood of the state.Food was also produced and any of the farmer-soldiers that did not produce such food for everyone in the state this would lead to them playing less of a role inside the society. It is also bee allegedly stated that with the help of agricultural land, the Qin removed the grid paths, footpaths were opened up and boundaries were set. This also led to the thought of historians which thought that these changes that were made contributed to the sale of land and made it able to be done. Rielly 4/1). There are some differences among China and Mesopotamia and there were also some similarities when it came to the civilization and geography. As it is true that the early societies and states including Mesopotamia and China all arouse along large rivers, and they were also the earliest states to become established on the earth. Many people in both civilizations, China and Mesopotamia were farmers providing crops and food for others.Since they both were river civilizations they each had its own advantages of trade routes, transportation, food, and plenty of water for drinking and also for crops at one point. China was located in eastern Asia where mountains helps a lot of their civilization and was common. These mountains cause china to be protected due to the walls that were built, and also helped out with trade which provide an upper hand for china. As for Mesopo tamia its locations was in western Asia where the lands were flat and them not being able to have much protection.Mesopotamia was big in armies and military because of their flat open land which caused them to be more advanced in military defense than china. They also had similarities in problems which seem to be something like a global pattern when it came to war, rituals and oracles being gamblers means of power. Geography played much part in civilization of the passed also when it came to similarities and differences of certain regions, and it will continue to play a part in the future as well. (Armesto pp. 89-90. Unit 4 module; The Influence of Geography on the Development of Societies and States)

Perspectives: US and Iraq Essay

Globalization has paved the way for technology to thrive. Economic growth is rooted in a country’s ability to expand on technologies that would productively utilize its resources. As a catalyst for capitalism, technology has often been used as a benchmark for nations to determine their status of development. Among the developed countries, the United States of America (USA) is one of the leading industrial powers of the modern world. Its contributions to the scientific community have improved the lives of millions of people due to their open economy and democratic identity. However, for most Arab countries like Iraq, technological advancement is a struggle since the interplay of religion and culture in its political history has slowed down its economic progress. This paper aims to offer an insight into the glaring differences of technological advancement from the perspective of a developed and developing country. The USA is flowing with scientific innovations that cater to the different needs and wants of each individual. This is due to the fact that its educational system fosters creativity and encourages competition as scientific projects and programs are supported by both the public and the private sectors. Since it is a country that flourishes in an open economy, the government is able to allocate the country’s resources to fund projects/programs that it deems necessary to maintain the status quo. With regard to Iraq, its violent history under a tyrannical ruler has hampered its progress in the realm of technology. While it is one of the oil producing countries, advances made towards scientific innovations were slim to none. Its previous government under the late Saddam Hussein had control over most of the telecommunication systems as well as transportation and electricity so citizens were deprived of such amenities. The education system is also inadequate as the country struggles to deal with the on-going war on terror after the fall of Hussein’s regime. At present, the Iraqi government is renovating its local and foreign policies to incorporate the expansion of Science and Technology into their development plan. The government is currently in an agreement with the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) on a development strategy that would support scientific innovations for institutions and businesses. In addition, an education plan was also created in the hopes of expanding the scope of science-driven educational institutions within the community as well as strengthening the workforce. The plan also supports student exchange programs with Universities from top schools in developed countries. The government has also opened its doors to foreign support in advancing knowledge in the field of Information Technology, Medical and Electricity. Conclusion: In all aspects of life, the use of technology is inevitable. Regardless of whether a country is considered developed or developing, technology will always be the driving force that propels a country to succeed in their aspirations for economic progress.

Analysis of the Bottled Water Industry Essay

The shortage of potable water on some islands in the Maldives has been described as â€Å"serious† by the national disaster management centre (NDMC). There are currently 12 islands which have been facing water shortages since mid-February, according to Moosa Ali Kaleyfaan, deputy director general of the NDMC. The NDMC has supplied 763 tons of water to eight islands, but four more islands [†¦ ] are in desperate need of water, he said. â€Å"The main reason is it hasn’t rained for a long time it’s the dry season,† said Moosa. â€Å"Even more islands are believed to face this problem. The department of meteorology has forecast the dry season will continue until June [2009]. The NDMC has spent an estimated US$60,000 to supply water to the 12 islands. â€Å"I am very upset with the government because we need water,† said 42-year old Jameela Aboobakuru from Gaafaru. â€Å"We ran out of water, so we borrowed water from our brother. When he ran out of water we started buying bottled water imported from Male’. † She said her 12-member family was spending US$22 a day to buy bottled water for drinking and cooking; their daily income, she added, was only US$26. On another island, Gulhi, Ahmed Ibrahim, the island office assistant director, said islanders had been importing bottles water from the capital as well as in jerry cans. â€Å"They are getting water somehow,† he said, â€Å"but the island needs a permanent solution to this problem like piped desalinated water. † Kaleyfaan agreed, saying although water was supplied to the islands from Male’, it was necessary to seek a long-term solution such the installation of a desalination plant on every island. We are already in the process of installing a desalination plant in a boat, so that in emergencies we can supply water by travelling between islands,† he said. [†¦ ] Almost 100 per cent of islanders use rainwater as the main source of drinking and cooking water. In [the capital] Male, 100 per cent of the population has access to piped desalinated water. After the 2004 tsunami, 38 islands were provided desalination plants by UN that are operated daily or on em ergency basis.

A Comparative Analysis of Sunshine Coast Tourism and Gold Coast Research Paper

A Comparative Analysis of Sunshine Coast Tourism and Gold Coast Tourism - Research Paper Example The tourism sector in Australia has contributed substantially to the creation of job opportunities, increased export earnings and catalysed the process of regional development. In this regard, special emphasis is given to bring forth the comparison between the Gold Coast Tourism and the Sunshine Coast Tourism. The Gold Coast in Australia is a very diverse and interesting city which offers a number of surprises to its visitors. It has 10.5 million people visiting this place every year. It has families, couples, business delegates, and solo travellers visiting the place all round the year. The city offers different kinds of experiences and packages to different people in accordance to their budgets. The Gold Coast is said to have the maximum number of venues each of which is extremely popular among the countries of the southern hemisphere (Very Gold Coast, 2010). The sunshine Coast on the other hand is a more peaceful and calm tourist destinations in Australia. It is characterised by the unique combination of both country and coast. It is considered to be the perfect place for unwinding and relaxing. This place is also famous for offering the best cuisine, adventure and action. The cost is specifically famous for being picturesque round the year. The temperature remains moderate all around the year which makes it the dream holiday destination in the country (Sunshine Coast, n.d.). Customer satisfaction is the most important aspect on which the entire tourism industry thrives. Many tourist spots have been competing with each other with a view to maximise and maintain high visitor satisfaction. Hence companies are stressing more on understanding and studying the factors which are responsible for influencing customer satisfaction. Recently a number of studies were conducted to assess the performance of the tourism industry in Australia. It was found that customer satisfaction in case of non tourism services and products increased along with

Stragetic Planning Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Stragetic Planning - Case Study Example In that respect, it would be important for the mayor to convince him and seek amicable approach towards the public job cut if the proposal is to sail through. Claudia Alvaro: Is a professional in public financial management with sound knowledge on macro and micro-economic policies. This means Alvaro holds central role in evaluating and assessing the best alternative among the proposals that will be raised towards economic streamlining of central town. The pertinent issue in this case is the crumbling economy of central town as result of mass immigration of its residents. This means that the tax size has significantly reduced and can barely support the town in terms of public workers wage bill and efficient provision of essential services. The mayor is making efforts to restore economic sanity by proposing privatization with subsequent job cuts among public workers. This has drawn mixed reactions from the town with workers through their union opposing the move while the public support. Sources or causes of each problem; Privatization is seen as possible public employment cut down with considerable economic loss to the workers and this is the point of concern. On the issue of awarding tender, the mayor seeks to reconcile quality with cost hence the critical evaluation process. There are potential obstacles for the central town political leadership in its effort to implement the macro-economic proposal of privatization and public job cut. The legal battle is likely to work against it since the workers union seems strong and ready to drag the authorities to court in this matter. The financial and budgetary allocation procedures require support of other political leaders who are likely to support different factions to the dispute in question. Laying off workers will paint the government on wrong side of being unethical in considering the welfare of the job cut victims. This will in turn degenerate to possible political

COMMUNITY POLICING Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

COMMUNITY POLICING - Term Paper Example of partner in community policing, application of window broken approach in community policing and relation of community policing and the Chicago department of police. Community policing is used to decrease the increasing rate of crime with the help of people. Community policing is also known as neighborhood policing. It highlights one important idea that it can reduce the crime by demanding the active involvement of people in the process of detectiing a crime. It addresses the issues of crime in the society, the fear of people about the crime, criminals and vandals in the society, problems and issues taking place where the attention of the police is not reached. This notion is designed to work with the use of organizational strategies making sure the involvement of people in a systematic way and by the use of problem solving techniques. Therefore it can address the immediate problems of society and will help to keep the social order in the desired way. Over the last twenty five years, the notion of community policing has been evolving and it has grabbed the attention of the state government in America. The violent crime control and Law enforcement was enacted in the United States in 1994 and it ordered to create a community police who are supposed to work in the community areas encouraging the involvement of people in that particular area to reduce crime and bring social order and harmony. â€Å"In addition, a new agency, the Office of Community Oriented Police Services (COPS), was created to carry out this mission, and to administer extensive funding and implementation of community policing programs across the country. According to the latest estimates, community policing is widespread, with approximately 80 percent of larger municipal and county police departments employing an average of twenty or more community policing officers.† (Willis). â€Å"A community policing concept paper is created with a vision statement definition of community policing, an outline of

Discuss the way in which a particular celebrity has been used to Essay

Discuss the way in which a particular celebrity has been used to promote fashion - Essay Example Fashion advertisement can be done on the television, on radio stations, on social sites, on product labels, on billboards and many other channels. Use of celebrities in advertising is very essential and captures the minds of many people in the society. It creates a perception that a product is the best in the range of related products, which increases demand of a product, its sales, and profits (Mehta 199). There are many theories related to the study of media and all try to explain its impact in advertising, and the perceptions related to its use. The first theory is the uses and gratification theory, which states that people use advertised products for gratification (Karina). The public can use a product so that they can relate to the celebrity used to promote the product. The association with a celebrity gives them a sense of belonging and gratification (Karina). The theory also states that people use a product to help them for diversion to escape from problems, for personal identity, and for surveillance of important tricks for survival. People tend to use products that are associated with successful celebrities so that they can feel safe and away from their problems. It gives them a sense of belonging and fulfilment in life. According to this theory, use of products that are associated with a particular celebrity increases ones self-esteem and self-worth (Karina). The hypodermic needle model is also another theory related to the use of media and suggests that media audience always has trust and loyalty to media such that they do not pose any challenges or have doubts about the information they are given (Karina). According to this theory, the audience takes in any information supported by a celebrity and believes it as the truth. The public has strong belief in celebrities and assume that products the celebrity uses will also work on them

Photography Under Consideration and All Aspects of Art and Visual Essay

Photography Under Consideration and All Aspects of Art and Visual Design - Essay Example Photography has been applied in the need to complete information sharing and articulate the plot development in relaying stories. The need to present a visual communicative, the process has been involved in the desire to present the information within the visual process. Photography has been applied to relay a vivid informative, process that complements the visual elements within the created form (Norton 1). Depending on the means applied to take photos and the medium applied in completing the final piece, the visual composition may vary from a medium to the next. Pictures have been applied in variable platforms to predict the outcome of an event and record memories for future reference. All aspects of art and visual design are included in an outstanding piece to give the picture form and definition. However, colour may not be the leading element within the picture composition because forms devoid of the entity have managed to predict outstanding visual composition (Norton 1). To ana lyze a pictorial composition, the forms captured within the frame, direction and angle of the shot can be analyzed to create the information desired to read the mood of the composition. The photography under consideration has been taken in the wild with nature as the subject of the study. The six photos captured have been taken from a similar location and the time for the shoot fluctuates from variable periods. The first shot taken suggests that the photographer had been having a worm's eye view with the towering trees and sky as the subject. The picture taken during the morning period presents an almost perfect balance of the captured features within the window frame.

Building Performance Management through Employee Participation Essay - 3

Building Performance Management through Employee Participation - Essay Example Workers should be granted the chance to give their views and amendments be made as fast as possible to avoid poor job performance. According to JM experience, employees play a major role in company management. This is because they are the ones to be governed and must choose the management system suitable for them and the company (Grote, 23). There are certain parts of the performance management system that cannot be changed by employees no matter the claims. These unchangeable sections of the system also govern the employer and company activities. According to JM company, employees are part of the company management system and should be involved in any decision-making. In any organization, the management committee or board members must always consider the employee view or feedback before establishing performance management system. This should be done to protect employee rights and freedom. Actually, an employee should always have a conducive environment to attend to his or her job positively. The kind of performance management systems to be established should be employee friendly. Another way of making improvements in this type of system is employee motivation. This should be present in the system to enhance quality in employee performance. In most cases, the motivation is done through rewards . In the process of employee assessment, the hardworking should get a reward as tokens of their hard work while those who are found average should be advised accordingly (Rao, 16). Through rewards, employees will be dedicated to their work with the aim of being a reward winner. Companies that come up with a new performance management may face a lot of challenges linked to employee job performance. When they are forced into the rules and regulations of the new management system, they may find it very difficult to adapt hence have negative attitudes towards their jobs. This can in turn

Tobacco Industry's Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Tobacco Industry's Issues - Essay Example Not only can you find people facing several health issues but other problems are also associated with tobacco cultivation. For instance, child labor is the only small problem associated with it.      When you will delve more into the details pertaining to the tobacco industry, you will find that the majority of tobacco workers are migrant workers.   Although often gone unnoticed by consumers, those engaged in the growth and preparation of tobacco and tobacco-related products are often exposed to many health hazards.   Because tobacco is a global industry, tobacco workers all over the world are exposed to such risks.Tobacco products: cigarettes, cigars, snuff, and chewing tobacco, are well known to pose a serious environmental health threat both to consumers themselves and, in the case of secondhand smoke, to the people around them.   Today, vigorous tobacco control activity around the world focuses on curbing tobacco use and, thus, its health effects on consumers.   But the tobacco workers who labor to bring the plant to market face another range of environmental health risks.   Also, most of the labor laws don’t really affect these people because most of them l ive in developing countries where they work on their own family farms. However, it is interesting to note that in the United States, the federal government historically has encouraged tobacco agriculture.   The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) tobacco price support program sets an annual national quota restricting the amount of tobacco that can be grown to that estimated to meet annual domestic and export demand.   For those farmers who hold quota allotments, this policy and an accompanying federal loan program keep market prices artificially high.   Quotas can be leased and traded, and in recent years this has resulted in the concentration of quota allotments in fewer hands, creating some large-scale nonfamily farming operations.

Health and safety Essay Example for Free

Health and safety Essay How legislation, policies and procedures relating to health, safety and security influence health and social care settings Health and safety at work act 1974 (HASAW) This act provides general guidance about health and safety. The duty of the employer is to make sure health and safety of their employees and show that they have taken all attainable steps to do this. The employer should also give training and safety equipment, employers should carry out regular checks and improve and put in place a health and safety policy. If employers have more than five staff they have to carry out a risk assessment to find any possible hazards to employees. Information should be displayed around the work place for employees to see, for example, this could be posters. The employees also have legal duty and this is to follow their employers safety procedures, use the safety equipment that is given, report any hazards, and be aware of their own safety and the safety of others. HASAW promotes the safety of individuals in a health or social care setting because employers tell their staff what to rules to follow and they also get training on any safety equipment which makes the service users to be in a safe environment and also that staff won’t cause any harm to themselves or their clients as they know how to use the equipment properly and safely. Control of substances hazardous to health 1994 (COSHH) These regulations refer to substances that could be hazardous, such as cleaning products. These regulations influence care settings as staff are likely to use cleaning products or store these products that could be dangerous. Most care settings will have a list of all products that could be dangerous and show on how they plant to lower the risk in using them, this is as a result of COSHH. COSHH 2002 is to protect people against danger to health, by instantly and long-term from any contact to substances found in the workplace. COSHH is to put in place the needed requirements and a sensible approach for COSHH. Employers should carry out a risk assessment of all work which could put an employee into contact with hazardous substances. There are main requirements with this legislation: Assess the risks that occur when using a hazardous substance Come to a conclusion on what precautions are needed Control or prevent exposure to employees of hazardous substances Make sure that all actions are used and maintained Monitor where necessary the employees come into contact with hazardous substances Carry out relevant health surveillance Produce plans and procedures to help with accidents, incidents and emergencies relating to hazardous substances Make sure that all employees who use hazardous substances are accurately informed, trained and supervised. COSHH covers the substances you use every day, which you might use at work-examples include adhesives and paint. COSHH also covers you when you come into contact with micro-organisms, biological and fungal and/or viral agents. COSHH risk assessments are to make a decision about what actions need to be put in place to control the hazards shown in substances. The result of this should be spoken about to all employees and a record has to be kept in a safe place, but is accessible for inspections by enforcement bodies. The actions should be controlled and developed through an order of measures: Removing the substance Replace the hazardous substance with less hazardous substances or the same substance but less hazardous Constructing control measures, such as working in a controlled environment To supply personal protective equipment (PPE) and respiratory protective equipment (RPE) but only as a last option or for very hazardous substances. The employer’s responsibilities are responsible for finishing COSHH risk assessments and speaking to the employees about the assessments. Employers are in charge of making sure control of exposure to hazardous substances are adequate and employers are also responsible to make sure that intensive examinations and tests of all engineering are followed at regular periods. A record of the inspection has to be kept for five years. COSHH promotes the safety of individuals in a health or social care setting by making sure that all actions necessary are taken to make sure staff don’t come into contact with chemicals and especially service users. For example, COSHH would be needed in a care home for people with learning disabilities, this is because they don’t always know what they are doing and therefor if cleaning chemicals weren’t put away in a locked cupboard the service user could drink it and become ill. Reporting of injuries, disease, dangerous occurrences Regulation 1995- These regulations compel workplaces to record any accidents, injuries, diseases or dangerous occurrences. Every workplace should an accident reporting scheme and if an incident happens to  an employee who needs three or more days off work, this has to be reported to the health and safety executive. In a number of care settings, it is common practice to have two accident books. One is for accidents that happen to staff and the other is for service users and members of the public. This information has to be stored in an accessible place and filled in accurately and immediately in the event of an accident. If an employee, child, a member of the public or a resident has an accident in the workplaces which leads to death the health and safety executive or local authority must be reported about this. If an incident occurs and means the employer is off work for more than three days a form needs to be sent to back up the conversation relating to the incident. The people who may be involved in an investigation after an incident are: The employer The insurance company The health and safety representative The enforcing inspector The training organisation RIDDOR promotes the safety of individuals in a health or social care setting by reporting any accidents to anyone and writing it in an accident book it means that the incident can be looked into and also a risk assessment can be done on it to prevent it in the future. Manual handling 1992- This regulation includes a wide range of manual handling activities: Lifting Lowering Pushing Pulling Carrying This regulation needs the employers to avoid the need for dangerous manual handling, assess the risk of injury from any dangerous manual handling that is unable to be avoided and reducing the risk of injury due to dangerous manual handling. The employees responsibility is to follow the relevant schemes of work put in place for their safety, use equipment properly that is provided for their safety, work with their employers with health and safety issues, let the employer know if the come across any dangerous handling activities and to take care to make sure the activities they do  don’t put others at risk. Manual handling promotes the safety of individuals in a health or social care setting because staff will be trained on how to pick things up properly and therefore they won’t hurt their back and by knowing about manual handling means you won’t harm any service users, for example if you was in a care home and you had to help an elderly person up from their chai r, you would know how to do it correctly. Data protection act 1998- This act ensures that people who collect and use personal information follow rules of good practice for managing information. This act provides rights for individuals who have given their information and the information they use. Information that is collected should only be kept for a certain time frame. Confidentiality must be adhered to the strictest of confidence in health and social care environments, for example, patients may not want their family and friends to know their diagnosis. In this act it lays down that after someone dies there records have to be kept for eight years and can’t be destroyed until the eight years is over. Treatment that children are given and maternity records have to be kept until they are 25 years of age, this changes if they die, and therefor will be destroyed at eight years. Data protection act 1998 promotes the safety of individuals in a health or social care setting by ensuring that all patients’ information is kept confident and isn’t passed on to anyone. This way the service users are protected as they are not vulnerable from people because no one knows there details. Civil contingencies act 2004- This act refers to the responses of public services in crucial emergencies. This act gives instruction on anticipation, assessment, preparation, response and recovery before, during and after a serious threat to the public well-being. The law demands all the emergency services work together, for this to be done, simulation situations are set in motion to make sure that everyone involved are aware of their roles. This act promotes the safety of individuals because they are given support during an accident and after the accident and all services working together means the individual who is the victim gets all the help they can. Care home regulations – All care homes have to have a manager that is qualified in leadership and management in care services or are registered a manager’s award. This person is important because they make sure that all parts of a care home to which service users have access to be free of hazards and if there are any risks to the individual’s risks  assessments must be carried out to lower the risks that have been identified. If the manager believes that one of their staff is becoming incompetent or could purposely cause harm to a service user, the manager can suspend that member of staff during an investigation. The care quality commission must be informed immediately by the manager if this situation arises. This regulation promotes the health and safety of individuals in a care home by making them less at risk of harm, so doing regular risk assessments ensures that all service users are safe. Care minimum standards- The national minimum care standards were written in 2003 following on from the care standards act 2000. 38 standards are set out under the care standards act 2000 by the secretary of state for health, along with the care home regulations. National minimum standards are only guidelines for providers, commissioners and users to assess the quality of care. Standards of care cover several services: care homes for 65+ year olds, care homes for 18-64 year olds, domiciliary care, adult placement schemes and nurses’ agencies. Each of these services should have a care plan for their clients which identify particular needs. Staff should get adequate training to make sure that their patients receive the identified care. Care minimum standards promotes the safety of individuals in health and social care settings by making sure all their needs are being met and their rights which makes them feel safe. Management of health and safety at work regulations 1999- The management of health and safety at work regulations explain what employers are asked to do to maintain the health and safety at work act. They put into usage for every work activity. When employers have more than five staff they have to carry out a risk assessment f or the management. Employers have to ensure that all the health and safety preventative measures identified by the risk assessment are carried out, they have to make sure the capable people are selected to help put health and safety precautions emergency actions in place and employers must give clear information and training for their staff. This regulation promotes the safety of individuals in a health or social care setting by making sure that all employers have taken necessary steps to identify any risks that may cause harm to service users. Food safety act 1990- This act gives control to environmental health inspectors to inspect food and confiscate food that is unfit for human consumption and dispose of it. Any organisation violating food hygiene  standards can be served a notice of improvement and in extreme cases can be closed short term or long term if the practices are thought to be a health hazard. Organisations can be sued for breaching standards. This act promotes the safety of individuals in a health or social care setting by making sure all food is suitable for humans and if it’s not food will be confiscated or the service will be shut down temporarily. Food safety (general food hygiene) regulations 1995-This regulations goal is to prevent cases of food poisoning by laying down that: Food areas are kept clean and acceptable standards of personal hygiene are controlled Food is thoroughly cooked through Foods are stored at the right temperature Cross-contamination is prevented Food has to be stored correctly and use-by dates must be strictly followed. In health and social care settings the kitchen should meet all the requirements of the regulations. The kitchen should be easy to clean, meaning that the surfaces should be smooth stainless steel. There should be a separate sink to wash hands and to prepare foods. Anyone who has had an infection, such as being sick and had diarrhoea should not come into contact with food until they are free of symptoms until 48 hours. This regulation promotes the safety of individuals in a health or social care setting by making sure all food is thoroughly cooked so no service users get food poisoning and by preparing food properly will ensure that no infections are caused. Policies and procedures Safeguarding- Legislation, policies and procedures for safeguarding vulnerable children and adults have made health and social care staff a lot more aware of what is known as abuse, and how to know that abuse may have already happened. These regulations will help you to understand what to do if you believe someone is being abused or a person tells you that they are. Procedures are in place to find people who have committed offences before to minimise the risk to vulnerable groups. Safeguarding promotes the safety of individuals in a health or social care setting because understanding the rules will mean staff will be able to protect service users from abuse and other issues. Health and safety policy- All employers have to show their own  health and safety policies and procedures to say how they will operate under the law. The health and safety at work act 1974 declare that organisations have to have a health and safety policy. This promotes safety of individuals in health and social care settings by following the rules correctly no one will come to any harm. Reporting accidents- An accident/incident book keeps records and has to be kept. This promotes the safety of individuals in a health or social care setting by recording any accidents means it can be risk assessed and prevented for in the future. Disposal of body waste- Any waste that is a potential threat of infection has to be disposed of correctly. Disposing waste safely you have to have had the right training, you have to wear person protective equipment and keep on top of good hand hygiene, report any hazardous handling and disposal of clinical waste to your manager, Dispose body fluids down the sluice or bags: yellow bag is for infected waste and used swabs and dressings-these have to be incinerated and a clear alginate bag inside a red plastic bag is for soiled and infected clothing and line to be laundered. You should not try to clean up any spillages or collect and handle specimens until you are trained fully. When cleaning any spillages you should make sure you are wearing PPE. When you collect and handle specimens you should wear PPE, ensure the containers are suitable, sterile and don’t leak, Containers should be labelled with relevant information and any forms accompanying it should be completed, and the results should be wrote in the patients records as soon as possible and highlight any unusual findings to the relevant people. This promotes the safety of staff in health and social care settings so they don’t get any infections or diseases from handling other people’s body waste. Storage and dispensing of medicines- Staff who are in charge of medication should make sure that the drug trolley and cupboards are locked. The trolley should be locked against the wall when it is not being used. Medication that service users give to themselves should be in a personal cupboard and locked so no one else can access it. This promotes the safety of service users in many health and social care settings so they don’t get the wrong medication or so they are not given too little or too much so it doesn’t cause any long term problems. Lone working- Lone working is filled with risks so therefore it is important that there are actions in place to protect and support them in work. There are policy and procedures which state how your safety will be  managed. Mobile phone policy and procedures suggests to you how and when to use your mobile. Communication policy and procedures summarise about checking in and out of each visit and letting the office know when you have got home safely. Staff welfare policy and procedures ensure you are supplied with personal safety alarms. Staff learning and development policy and procedures request you to go to personal safety and awareness training. Your main job when working alone is to know your surroundings and the likely threats to your personal safety. A disciplinary policy will lay down procedures for disciplining you if you are unsuccessful to follow actions set up to protect you. This promotes the safety of service users and staff who use health or social care services by making sure the staff know what they have to do and by this it is keeping the service user safe. Security of premises, possessions and individuals- All workplaces will have procedures that are in place to protect the employer and employees and clients and their family. Sign in and out book for visitors to state the time they arrived and departed, security codes, staff ID badges and any other professional in that environment and chains on doors are ways to secure the premises. Personal possessions of service users should be kept at a minimum and leave all valuables at home but if valuable are needed to be stored they should be put in a safe and signed by 2 people. Individual security includes CRB checks and CCTV. The workplace will have procedures put in place to tell you how to deal with potential breaches in security, report and record these breaches and support other after the breach, Deal with bomb scares, theft and missing persons, manage challenging behaviour. This promotes the safety of service users in a health or social care environment by making sure no unauthorised person is in the building who could potentially cause harm to service users. CRB checks have to be done to make sure anyone who works within a health or social care setting aren’t going to cause any harm. When cleaning PPE should be used, COSHH, Storage, Risk assessments and health surveillance should all be thought about when cleaning in health and social care settings. This promotes the safety of individuals in a health or social care setting because it means the environment will be clean which means service users won’t get any infections and the staff are protected by all the guidelines. Food safety- All things that should be considered with these policy and procedures is to make sure fridge and freezer temperatures are  the correct temperatures, Personal hygiene is up to a good standard, different coloured chopping boards for different kinds of foods, allergies are to be known, Records should be kept, utensils should be clean, be aware of cross-contamination, HASAW and food safety regulations should also be considered. This promotes the safety of individuals in a health or social care setting because it makes sure food is prepared correctly, cooked correctly and makes sure no cross-contamination or food poisoning occurs. Fire evacuation- If a fire was to occur, closing doors as you evacuate is a good idea as this will slow down the fire by minimising the amount of oxygen getting to the fire, and this might even cause the fire to go out itself. When you are outside you should check that someone has called the fire service. You should look after others, more if they are confused or distressed, these people could be children or people with dementia. You should also make sure that no one is standing to close to the building, as it could collapse. Fire alarms should be tested regularly, staff should know what to do during an alarm, fire exits should be clear and easy to get to and there should be a designated area to go to. This promotes the safety of everyone in any health or social care setting by making sure everyone is out of the building safely when being evacuated and also by testing alarms make sure that everyone is aware of what has to be done when an evacuation has to be done. Bibliography: Health and social care, level 3, Book One, BTEC national book Publishers: Carolyn Aldworth, Marilyn Billingham, Peter Lawrence, Neil Moonie, Hilary Talman. Published by Pearson education limited Published in 2010 My notes from lessons and PowerPoints on Moodle.